There have been some landmark cases that have applied the Protection of Children Act 1978 and section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 with varying effect; the most important ones are listed below. Determination of the Age of a Child The age of a child is ultimately for the jury to determine. See R […]

Defences to Section 1 Protection of Children Act 1978 – Making Indecent Images of Children The following are the only defences to section 1(1)(a) and section 1(1)(d) of the PCA 1978: section 1A of the Protection of Children Act which covers marriage, etc. of a child aged 16 or 17) or section 1B of the […]

The two main offence provisions in relation to indecent images of children are section 1 of the Protection of Children Act 1978 (PCA 1978) and section 160 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (CJA 1988). The PCA 1978 addresses certain aspects of the sexual exploitation of children by penalizing the making, distribution, showing and advertisement […]

Reforms to Fraud Laws Major reform in fraud law occurred with the introduction of the Fraud Act 2006. This means that on 15 January 2007 the old general offence of fraud was replaced by parts of the Fraud Act. The Fraud Act includes legislation in relation to these new offences: Making a false representation (section […]

The law relating to articles for use in a fraud is actually an evolution of the old law of ‘going equipped to cheat’. Possession of Articles Connected to a Fraud A person is guilty of the new offence if he possesses or has under his control any article for use in the course of or […]