Introduction Many computer users assume that deleting a file permanently removes it from a computer, mobile phone, or storage device. In reality, deleting a file often only removes the reference to that file within the operating system, while the underlying data may remain intact on the storage media. Digital forensic specialists use a variety of […]

Introduction The widespread adoption of Solid-State Drives (SSDs) has fundamentally changed the landscape of digital forensics and data recovery. Unlike traditional Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), SSDs use flash memory technology and sophisticated storage management mechanisms designed to improve performance, longevity, and efficiency. One of the most significant of these mechanisms is TRIM. The TRIM command […]

Introduction Third-party device remote access refers to the ability of an external individual, organization, or software system to access, control, monitor, or manage a computer, smartphone, server, or other digital device over a network connection. Such access may be legitimate and authorized, such as IT support, or unauthorized and malicious, such as cyber intrusions and […]

Introduction Chromebooks differ significantly from traditional Windows or macOS computers. Running Google’s ChromeOS, these devices are heavily cloud-oriented, employ verified boot security, and frequently store evidence within user profiles synchronised with Google accounts. From a digital forensic perspective, Chromebook examinations present several challenges: Despite these challenges, Chromebooks contain numerous valuable forensic artefacts that can assist […]

Introduction Modern smartphones contain vast amounts of personal and business information, making them valuable sources of digital evidence in criminal, civil, corporate, and family court investigations. To protect user data, manufacturers such as and employ sophisticated encryption technologies that restrict access to data stored on devices. Within the field of mobile phone forensics, investigators commonly […]