Introduction The emergence of quantum computing represents one of the most significant threats to modern cryptography. Public key encryption systems such as RSA, Diffie-Hellman (DH), and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), which underpin secure communications across the Internet, are vulnerable to future quantum attacks. To address this risk, the cybersecurity industry is transitioning toward Post-Quantum Cryptography […]

Introduction Safari is a web browser developed by apple.com⁠ and serves as the default browser for macOS, iPhone, iPad, and other Apple devices. Since its introduction in 2003, Safari has become one of the world’s most widely used web browsers, known for its speed, energy efficiency, privacy-focused features, and seamless integration within the Apple ecosystem. […]

Introduction Determining when a Windows 11 operating system was installed is a common requirement during digital forensic investigations. Investigators may need to establish timelines relating to user activity, malware infections, insider threats, system rebuilds, or evidence preservation. The installation date of Windows 11 can provide critical context when correlating events across multiple data sources. Unlike […]

Introduction Microsoft Edge is a web browser developed by microsoft.com⁠ and is the default browser on modern Windows operating systems. Designed to replace the aging Internet Explorer browser, Microsoft Edge offers improved performance, enhanced security, greater standards compliance, and support for modern web technologies. As one of the world’s most widely used browsers, Edge stores […]

Introduction Determining when Android was installed on a mobile device can be a critical component of a digital forensic investigation. Investigators may need to establish whether a device was recently reset, reflashed, modified, or acquired by a suspect. Unlike desktop operating systems, Android does not maintain a single, easily identifiable “installation date” artefact. Instead, forensic […]